早期法律惩戒模式的内容小结(禁戒毒品 早期法律惩戒模式的内容)

美国毒品控制之法律惩戒模式的形成与发展是许多内外因素相互影响的结果。作为毒品控制模式的核心内容，联邦法律惩戒模式是伴随着美国禁毒外交活动的开展深化而出现的，而美国联邦麻醉品法的制定又增强了美国禁毒外交的立场，为美国毒品控制理念的输出提供了实际内容的保障。“美国诉金·辉·莫伊案”的判决内容再次显示了《哈里森法》是应海牙公约的内容而制定的，法律惩戒模式与禁毒外交之间的联动关系已在联邦政府的解释与最高法院的判决书内容上得到足够的说明。此外，联邦反麻醉品法的制定与实施也深受国内政治气候与舆论环境的左右，从1916年至1919年，美国联邦最高法院在联邦麻醉品法实施过程中所推出的前后迥然不同的判例，非常清晰地折射了法律惩戒模式在其发展过程中的曲折变化的途径。

具有联邦首部禁毒法地位的《哈里森法》，在其制定与实施过程中，从一开始就因涉及违宪与否问题而充满争议性。具体而言就是在反麻醉品法的实施过程中，联邦警察权力能否介入地方治安权、联邦权力是否介入并干预医生行医权以及其他公民权利等问题。法律惩戒模式所具有的争议性内容既涉及美国政治制度上的一些固有的权力分配形式，也与主流社会存在的传统思维方式所导致的立法策略密切相关。虽然法律惩戒模式产生的始因在很大程度上是为了满足美国禁毒外交之需，但是，这种需要却伴随着美国一些少数族裔以及底层民众利益的无端受侵。其中，无论是在立法过程中频繁出现的针对华人、黑人以及墨西哥人的抹黑性描述，还是在“赤色恐惧”中存在的以国家安全名义而发动的针对麻醉品成瘾者几近歇斯底里般的攻击行为，都给美国的禁毒运动带来了几多无法释然的历史痕迹。这些由谎言以及意识形态构成的政治运动似的美国禁毒史的部分内容，至今仍在美国社会中不断发酵与随时萌生，从而也为美国国内长期存在的反对法律惩戒模式的活动提供了一项重要口实。罗伯特·莱尔伯曼（Robert C. Lieberman）认为，每一场政治运动都是由一系列形式构成的。这些形式皆有其固有的逻辑与进展速度。当理念与法律之间的差距大到足以产生一个替代性观点之时，形式的变革就有了可能。[102]这段话令人回味隽永。在精心编织的策略性谎言被戳破之后所带来的这个“差距”无法填补之前，美国的禁毒旅程注定了是一条充满争议的漫漫修远之路。

注释

[1]美国学者把20世纪20年代到60年代的毒品控制时期称为毒品控制的“古典时期”。他们称“古典时期”是对毒品的一种纯粹的、始终如一的不妥协时期。参见David F. Courtwright, et al.. Addicts Who Survived: An Oral History of Narcotic Use In America, 1923—1965［M］. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989；Caroline Acker. Creating the American Junkie: Addiction Research in the Classic Era of Narcotic Control［M］. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002; Catherine Carstairs. Jailed for Possession: Illegal Drug Use, Regulation, and Power in Canada, 1920—1961［M］. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006, p.4 (Introduction).

[2]L. F. Schmeckebier and F. A. Eble. The Bureau of Internal Revenue: Its History, Activities, and Organization［M］. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1923, pp.42-43.

[3]U. S. Treasury Department, Bureau of Internal Revenue. Report of the Commissioner for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June, 1915，GPO, 1915, p.147.（此后略称为“BIR Annual Report”）

[4]T. D. Crothers. “Morphinism among Physicians”［J］. Med. Record 55, 1899, pp.784-786.

[5]Treasury Decision of 9 March 1915, TD 2172.

[6]Treasury Decision of 9 March 1915, TD 2172.

[7]在哈里森法实施一年后的1916年，因触犯《哈里森法》而被判进入联邦监狱的入狱者达到1900人。其中不乏医生与药剂师等。参见Hearings before the House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Department Appropriation Bill 1930, 23 Nov. 1928, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., p.475.

[8]Thomas C. Rowe. Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs［M］. New York ＆ London ＆ Oxford: The Haworth Press, 2006, p.16.

[9]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.129.

[10]U. S v. Jin Fuey Moy, 241 U. S. 394（1916）, U. S. Supreme Court Decision of 1916.

[11]U. S v. Jin Fuey Moy, 241 U. S. 394（1916）, U. S. Supreme Court Decision of 1916.

[12]New York Med. J. 104, 1916, pp.905-906.

[13]Report of the Commissioner for the Fiscal Year Ending 30 June, 1916, BIR Annual Report.

[14]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp.62-63.

[15]“More about the Harrison Bill”［J］. JAPhA 3, 1914, pp.1-4.

[16]Editorial of JAPhA 4, 1914, pp.4-8.

[17]“Protection against Dangerous Drugs”［J］. JAMA 46, 1906，pp.1208-1209.

[18]“Morphinism among Physicians ”, Med. Record 55, 1899, pp.784-786，Garb, S.. “Drug Addiction in Physicians”, Anesthesia and Analgesia 48, 1969, pp.128-133.

[19]纽约市卫生专员罗伊尔·考普朗（Royal S. Copeland）之语。New York Times, 23 March, 1919.

[20]Geoffrey Hunt ＆ Anna X. D. Sun. “The Drug Treatment System in the United States: A Panacea for the Drug War?”［J］. Cited in Harald Klingemann ＆ Geoffrey Hunt. Drug Treatment System in an International Perspective, California: SAGE Publications, 1998, p.6.

[21]Doris M. Provine. Unequal under Law: Race in the War on Drugs［M］. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007, p.88.

[22]Cong. Red., House, 52, pt. 1, 63rd Cong., 3rd Sess., 22 Dec., 1914, pp.495-616; New York Times, 2 Jan., 1915; David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp.66-67.

[23]Special Committee of Investigation, Appointed March 25, 1918, by the Secretary of the Treasury: Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, GPO, 1919, pp.9-19.

[24]Letter from Asst. Surgeon General to H. L. Lee, 24 March, 1915, PHSR.

[25]Letter from Blue to SG. Daniel C. Roper, 28 July, 1919, PHSR.

[26]Letter from Greenfield to Blue, 31 May, 1919, PHSR.

[27]Letter from A. G. Dumez to the Surgeon General, 14 June, 1921, PHSR.

[28]Supreme Court of 1919. U. S. v. Doremus, 249 U. S. 86, No. 367; Also see Thomas C. Rowe. Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs［M］. New York, London, Oxford: The Haworth Press, 2006, pp.16-17.

[29]Supreme Court of 1919. Webb, et al. v. United States, 240 U. S. 96, No. 370.

[30]Thomas C. Rowe. Federal Narcotics Laws and the War on Drugs［M］. New York, London, Oxford: The Haworth Press, 2006. p.17.

[31]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.350.

[32]Hearing before the House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1926, 4 Dec., 1924, 68th Cong., 2nd Sess., p.472.

[33]Hearing before the House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1930, 23 Nov., 1928, 70th Cong., 1st Sess., p.473.

[34]L. F. Schmeckebier and F. A. Eble. The Bureau of International Revenue［M］. Service Monograph of the U. S. Government, Institute for Government Research, Baltimore: Johns Hopins University Press, 1923, p.143.

[35]Hearings before the House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1930, 23 Nov. 1928, 70th Cong., 2nd Sess., p.475.

[36]BIR Annual Report for Year Ending June 30 1917, p.16.

[37]Daniel Roper. Fifty Years of Public Life［M］. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press, 1941, pp.185-190.

[38]Letter from Carl Voegtlin to the Surgeon General PHS, 1 Aug., 1918, PHSR.

[39]“第一次赤色恐惧”（First Red Scare, 1919—1920年）是指发生于第一次世界大战之后因俄国十月革命而产生的美国国家安全危机感；“第二次赤色恐惧”（Second Red Scare, 1947—1957年）则发生于第二次世界大战后极端反共的“麦卡锡主义”时代。［EB/OL］.［13 Nov. 2010］http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Scare.

[40]Supreme Court of 1919. Debs. v. United States, 211.

[41]Robert K. Murray. Red Scare: A Study of National Hysteria, 1919—1920［M］. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955, pp.196ff.

[42]New York Times, 27, 30 May, 1919.

[43]Special Committee of Investigation, Appointed March 25, 1918, by the Secretary of the Treasury：Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, GPO, 1919, pp.19-22.

[44]A. G. DuMez. “Some Facts Concerning Drug Addiction”, 9 Dec., 1918, PHSR.

[45]Traffic in Narcotic Drugs, GPO, 1919, pp.19-22.

[46]Department of Health of the City of New York, Annual Report, 1919, p.103.

[47]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.371.

[48]Hearing before the House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1927, 2 Dec., 1925, 69th Cong., 1st Sess., pp.38-39.

[49]Hearing before the House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1928, 18 Nov., 1926, 69th Cong., 2nd Sess., p.341.

[50]Hearing before the House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1931, 29 Nov., 1929, 71st Cong., 2nd Sess., p.345.

[51]“The Struggle of Mankind against its Deadliest Foe”［J］. Narcotic Education 1, 1928, pp.51-54.

[52]The American Legion Weekly, 30 Nov., 1923, pp.7-8, pp.27-28.

[53]Hearing before the House Appropriation Committee, Treasury Dept. Appropriation Bill 1931, 29 Nov., 1929, 71st Cong., 2nd Sess., p.175.

[54]当时的一些学者如劳伦斯·科尔博及安德鲁·杜梅之等虽然支持执行《哈里森法》，但不认为吸毒成瘾已构成对国家的重大威胁，而美国禁毒史上的风云人物安斯林格更是极为鄙视豪布森的所作所为。——笔者按

[55]Steven B. Duke and Albert C. Gross. America's Longest War: Rethinking Our Tragic Crusade against Drugs［M］. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1993, p.83.

[56]Charles E. Terry. “Drug Additions, A Public Health Problem”［J］. AJPH 4, 1914, p.28.

[57]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.147, p.184, p.208, p.357.

[58]David R. Bewley-Taylor. The United States and International Drug Control, 1909—1997［M］. New York: Continuum, 1999, p.31.

[59]The Traffic in Habit-Forming Drugs: Hearings on HJR195, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, 21 Feb., 1924, 68th Cong., 1st Sess. p.35.

[60]Limiting Production of Habit-forming Narcotic Drugs and the Raw Materials from Which They are Made: Report to Accompany HJR453, House, Committee on Foreign Affairs, 67th Cong., 4th Sess., 21 Feb., 1923, H. Rept. 1678, pp.5-6.

[61]“Establishment of Two Federal Narcotic Farms”, p.42, David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999，pp.205-206.

[62]Bureau of Narcotics: Hearings on HR 10，561, House, Committee on Ways and Means, 7-8 March, 1930, 71st Cong., 2nd Sess., p.45.

[63]“170.5 Records of the Federal Narcotics Control Board”［EB/OL］.［2 Feb. 2011］http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/170.html#170.3.

[64]Bureau of Narcotics: Hearings on HR 10,561, House, Committee on Ways and Means, 7-8 March, 1930, 71st Cong., 2nd Sess., 1930, p.57.

[65]安斯林格（Harry J. Anslinger，1892—1975），在出任FBN专员之前，曾任“麻醉品处”领导，1962年从专员任上卸职之后，出任联合国麻醉品委员会美国代表。安斯林格在1964年退休，1975年去世，享年83岁，被作家麦克威廉姆斯（John C. McWilliams）誉为美国的“保护者”（Protector）。有关安斯林格的具体内容可参见John C. McWilliams. The Protectors: Harry J. Anslinger and the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 1930—1962［M］. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1990; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_J._Anslinger。

[66]DEA的相关内容参见［EB/OL］.［15 Dec. 2010］http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/history/1970-1975.pdf；http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/170.html#170.1.

[67]1919年宪法第十八条修正案成功通过，其内容为禁酒法的通过奠定了基础。1933年，为了废止此修正案而通过了第二十一条修正案。这是美国历史上唯一的为了禁止又为了废止同一个措施而进行的两次宪法修正措施。［EB/OL］.［12 Dec. 2010］http://www.dffy.com/faxuejieti/jd/200502/20050203215123.htm.

[68]Arguments for and against Drug Prohibition［EB/OL］.［12 Dec. 2010］http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguments_for_and_against_drug_prohibition#cite_ref-79.

[69]美国宪法［EB/OL］.［12 Dec. 2010］http://www.dffy.com/faxuejieti/jd/200502/20050203215123.ht.

[70]从1789年实施到1992年为止的200多年时间里，美国仅通过了27条修正案，其中还包括2条有关禁酒的修正案。可见其修正之难。宪法修正案所需条件参见“美国宪法［EB/OL］”的内容。

[71]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, pp.9-10.

[72]A Memorandum by Dr. Reid Hunt of the PHS, 2 Nov., 1908, PHSR.

[73]Cong. Rec. 43, 1 Feb., 1909, 60th Cong., 2nd Sess. P. 1683.

[74]Letter from H. Wright to J. Remington, 26 April, 1910, WP, entry 51.

[75]Letter from H. Wright to Charles B. Towns, 21 April, 1914，WP, entry 36.

[76]Supreme Court. Webb, et al. v. United States, 249 U. S. 96 of 1919.

[77]Mai Ngai. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America［M］. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004, p.135.

[78]《国家火器法》（The National Firearms Act，简称为NFA），1934年6月26日通过。它规定了枪支弹药在生产与交易过程中纳税与登记的内容［EB/OL］.［15 Dec. 2010］http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Firearms_Act_of_1934.

[79]“Marihuana Tax Act of 1937”［EB/OL］.［11 Oct. 2010］http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937.

[80]Public Law, 91-513, 84 United States Statutes at Large 1236, enacted 27 Oct. 1970.

[81]有关州际商业贸易的联邦权力的详细内容可参见美国联邦贸易委员会网页内容，［EB/OL］.［22 Dec. 2010］http://so.hudong.com/s/doc/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E8%B4%B8%E6%98%93%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A.

[82]Jill Jonnes. Hep-Cats, Narcs, And Pepe Dreams: A History of America's Romance with Illegal Drugs［M］. New York: Scribner, 1996.

[83]David T. Courtwright. Dark Paradise: A History of Opiate Addiction in America［M］. Cambridge and Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2001, p.2.

[84]Special Message of the President: The Opium Traffic, Senate Doc. No. 736, 61st Cong., 3rd Sess., 11 Jan. 1911, pp.2, 7; Letter from H. Wright to Lloyd Bryce, Minister, The Hague, 18 March 1913, WP, entry 36; Letter from H. Wright to W. J. Bryan, 31 May 1913, WP, entry 36.

[85]Kevin F. Ryan. “Globalizing the Problem: The United States and International Drug Control”［M］//Eric L. Jensen and Jurg Gerber, ed.. The New War on Drugs: Symbolic Politics and Criminal Justice Policy, Cincinnati: Anderson, 1998, p.142.

[86]Hamilton Wright. Report on the International Opium and on the Opium Problem as Seen Within the United States and Its Possessions, 61st Cong., 2nd sess., February 21., 1910. S. Doc. p. 45.

[87]John Helmer. Drugs and Minority Oppression［M］. New York: Seabury, 1975, pp.51-52.

[88]H. Wayne Morgan. Drugs in American: A Social History, 1800—1880［M］. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1981, p.8, p.16, p.18.

[89]“Negro Cocaine ‘Fiends’ New Southern Menace”［N］. New York Times, Sunday February 8, 1914.

[90]Doris M. Provine. Unequal under Law: Race in the War on Drugs［M］. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007, p.74.

[91]“Negro Cocaine Evil”［N］. New York Times, March 20, 1905.

[92]Hamilton Wright. Report on the International Opium and on the Opium Problem as Seen Within the United States and Its Possessions, 61st Cong., 2nd sess., February 21., 1910. S. Doc. p.48, pp.48-49.

[93]John Helmer. Drugs and Minority Oppression［M］. New York: Seabury, 1975, pp.51-52.

[94]Martin Booth. Opium: A History［M］. London: Simon ＆ Schuster Ltd, 1996, p.198.

[95]Steven Wishnia. “Debunking the Hemp Conspiracy Theory”, AlterNet, Drugs, Feb.21, 2008［EB/OL］. http://www.alternet.org/drugreporter/77339/?page=entire.

[96]Doris M. Provine. Unequal under Law: Race in the War on Drugs［M］. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007, p.82.

[97]Richard J. Bonnie, ＆ Charles H. Whitebread Ⅱ. The Marihuana Conviction: History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United States［M］. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1974, p.43, p.71.

[98]Mai Ngai. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America［M］. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004, p.135.

[99]New York Times. Sept.16, 1934a; Oct.8，1934b; Oct.18，1934c; Oct.19，1934d; Oct.20, 1934e; Dec.9, 1934f; Dec.10, 1934g; Dec.11, 1934h.

[100]Doris M. Provine. Unequal under Law: Race in the War on Drugs［M］. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2007, p.86.

[101]David F. Musto. The American Disease［M］. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.295.

[102]Robert C. Lieberman. “Ideas, Institutions, and Political Order: Explaining Political Change”［J］. American Political Science Review 96, 2002, pp.697-712.