麻醉品成瘾治疗的自由时期小结(禁戒毒品 麻醉品成瘾治疗的自由时期)

如果说美国禁毒外交的兴起与发展是为了输出美国毒品控制理念，以便从源头截断麻醉品进入美国的渠道，从而达到谋求美国国内麻醉品源头的枯竭以完成消灭麻醉品的目的的话，那么，禁止成瘾的美国毒品控制之法律惩戒模式则明显地是从国内立法层面上全面充实毒品控制理念出发，达到以强制手段阻止美国国内的麻醉品使用与消灭非法毒品使用的目的。很显然，无论这些控制模式存在着何等内容上的不一，美国毒品控制之外交模式与法律惩戒模式都是把消灭麻醉品的非医学使用为己任的。无疑，美国毒品控制之医疗模式的内容自然也应以此条件作为标准加以衡量。但就本章内容可知，针对麻醉品的早期认识更多地停留在成瘾性麻醉品药用的积极功能上，而对于成瘾性麻醉品作用的负面认识不足既表明了早期医学研究的薄弱，也显示了早期病源性成瘾现象大量存在的原因所在。

与此同时，早期美国医学界的成瘾治疗认识也被建立在一个宽容且又相对模糊的基础之上。如果从消灭成瘾这样一个重大的角度去观察这个时期的形式自由而且乐观的成瘾治疗，无论从实行的动机上还是在治疗的力度上，都缺乏一种明确的消灭成瘾现象于一旦的动力，更遑论此时大量存在的病原性麻醉品成瘾现象还是医学界在成瘾治疗上的无知所致。早期美国的成瘾治疗，尤其是禁毒外交兴起之前的成瘾治疗，显然存在着一种既无消灭非医用麻醉品的目标，更无解决美国成瘾现象的决心与能力。就此意义而言，在早期美国，那些完全依靠医生而进行的自由放任式的麻醉品成瘾治疗是无法列入美国毒品控制之医疗模式框架之内的，它充其量只能算是一段对联邦毒品控制之医疗模式的主旋律加以理解与过渡的前奏曲而已。

注释

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